An earlier article by Michael Kremer, this piece draws its insights from the example of the spaceship Challenger, which exploded due to the malfunctioning of a single piece, its O-ring. Kremer proposes that large differences in outcome scan arise when there are errors in the production process, and presents a model of firms with less-skilled workers who are more prone to mistakes as an example of how this idea would play out in an economic setting.
Abstract:
This paper proposes a production function describing processes subject to mistakes in any of several tasks. It shows that high-skill workers—those who make few mistakes—will be matched together in equilibrium, and that wages and output will rise steeply in skill. The model is consistent with large income differences between countries, the predominance of small firms in poor countries, and the positive correlation between the wages of workers in different occupations within enterprises. Imperfect observability of skill leads to imperfect matching and thus to spillovers, strategic complementarity, and multiple equilibria in education.
Citation:
Michael Kremer, 1993. “The O-Ring Theory of Economic Development.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 108 (3), pp. 551-575.