{"id":1801,"date":"2013-12-09T22:28:27","date_gmt":"2013-12-09T18:28:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.williams.edu\/kkwitter\/?page_id=1801"},"modified":"2019-04-29T23:38:57","modified_gmt":"2019-04-29T19:38:57","slug":"a330-links-applets","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.williams.edu\/kkwitter\/astronomy-330-the-nature-of-the-universe\/a330-links-applets\/","title":{"rendered":"Astronomy 330: Links &amp; Applets"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<i>last updated 4\/29<\/i><\/p>\n<p><b>NOTE:<\/b> Some of the applets linked here require java to run on your computer. There are well-known security issues with java and many operating systems block java applets, which you may or may not be able to override.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"hidden\">ANYTHING BETWEEN THESE TAGS HERE WILL BE HIDDEN<\/div>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #000088\"><b>TOPICS:<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"#History\">History<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#General\">General Info<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#Sky\">Explaining the Sky<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#Scale\">Scale<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#Math\">Math &amp; Angles Review; Parallax &amp; Distances<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#Light\">Light, Atoms, Spectra<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#Blackbodies\">Blackbodies<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#Cepheids\">Cepheids<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#Distance\">Distance Scales<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#Gravity\">Gravity<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#MW\">The Milky Way<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#GalrotDM\">Galactic Rotation, Dark Matter<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#Hubble\">Hubble Law, Expansion<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#CMB\">The Cosmic Microwave Background<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#GRBH\">Relativity and Black Holes<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#Forces\">Forces &amp; Particles<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#DarkE\">Dark Energy<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#Stev\">Stars and Stellar Evolution<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#Early\">The Early Universe and Big Bang Nucleosynthesis<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#VEarly\">The Very Early Universe<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#Structure\">Origin of Structure<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#Inflation\">Inflation; Multiverse?<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#Galdist\">Dark Matter and Distribution of Galaxies<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#Reionization\">Reionization<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#Future\">The Future; Speculation<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a name=\"History\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #000088\"><b>HISTORY<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.aip.org\/history\/cosmology\/\">New<\/a> interactive history of cosmology website from the American Institute of Physics<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.storybehindthescience.org\/astronomy.html\" target=\"new\">The Story Behind the Science<\/a> &#8212; bringing science and scientists to life!\u00a0Click below for some wonderful biographies.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk\/~history\/Mathematicians\/Ptolemy.html\"> Ptolemy<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk\/~history\/Mathematicians\/Hipparchus.html\">Hipparchus<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk\/~history\/Mathematicians\/Copernicus.html\">Copernicus<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk\/~history\/Mathematicians\/Kepler.html\">Kepler<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk\/~history\/Biographies\/Brahe.html\">Brahe<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk\/~history\/Mathematicians\/Galileo.html\">Galileo<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk\/~history\/Mathematicians\/Newton.html\">Newton<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk\/~history\/Mathematicians\/Halley.html\">Halley<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov\/diamond_jubilee\/debate20.html\"> The Shapley-Curtis Debate<\/a> (for later in the semester)<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a name=\"General\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #000088\"><b>GOOD GENERAL WEBSITES WITH RELEVANT MATERIAL<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bu.edu\/blazars\/textbook.html\" target=\"new\">Marscher&#8217;s free downloadable cosmology textbook<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/ircamera.as.arizona.edu\/NatSci102\/NatSci102\/lectures\/\" target=\"new\">George Rieke&#8217;s online class notes &#8211; excellent!<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.astro.sunysb.edu\/mzingale\/\" target=\"new\">General astronomy animations and figures<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a name=\"Sky\"><\/a><b><br \/>\n<\/b><\/p>\n<h3><b><span style=\"color: #000088\">EXPLAINING THE SKY: COPERNICUS VS. ARISTOTLE &amp; PTOLEMY<\/span><\/b><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sites.williams.edu\/kkwitter\/files\/2014\/01\/heliacal.jpg\" target=\"new\">Heliacal rising of Sirius<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Schematic of what <a href=\"http:\/\/sites.williams.edu\/kkwitter\/files\/2014\/01\/retrograde_motion.gif\" target=\"new\">retrograde motion<\/a> looks like. Double-click the image to start.<\/p>\n<p>What it <a href=\"http:\/\/sites.williams.edu\/kkwitter\/files\/2014\/01\/jupiter_saturn_retro_big.gif\" target=\"new\">really<\/a> looks like, shown here when Jupiter and Saturn happened to be located in the same part of the sky.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sites.williams.edu\/kkwitter\/files\/2014\/01\/epicycle-move.gif\" target=\"new\">Retrograde Motion<\/a> &#8211; Ptolemy&#8217;s explanation<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/astro.unl.edu\/classaction\/animations\/renaissance\/retrograde.html\" target=\"new\">Retrograde Motion<\/a> &#8211; Copernicus&#8217; explanation (Flash)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/in-the-sky.org\/skymap.php\" target=\"new\">Online Planetarium<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a name=\"Scale\"><\/a><b><br \/>\n<\/b><\/p>\n<h3><b><span style=\"color: #000088\">SCALE<\/span><\/b><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/janus.astro.umd.edu\/astro\/scinote\/help.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Refresher on Scientific Notation<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/micro.magnet.fsu.edu\/primer\/java\/scienceopticsu\/powersof10\/index.html\" target=\"new\">Powers of Ten applet<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Here&#8217;s an actual <a href=\"http:\/\/pages.umpi.edu\/~nmms\/solar\/\" target=\"new\">SCALE MODEL<\/a> of the solar system that was constructed along Route 1 in Maine. The\u00a0scale\u00a0is 1 mile=1 AU. (1 AU = the distance from the Earth to the Sun = 93 million miles = 150 million km.) At this scale, the nearest star would be beyond the real orbit of the moon!<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a name=\"Math\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><b><span style=\"color: #000088\">MATH &amp; ANGLES REVIEW; PARALLAX &amp; DISTANCES<\/span><\/b><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/cse.ssl.berkeley.edu\/bmendez\/ay10\/2002\/notes\/REVIEW\/math1.html\" target=\"new\"> Math Review #1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/mintaka.sdsu.edu\/GF\/explain\/atmos_refr\/angles.html\" target=\"new\">Review of Angles and Angular Measure<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sites.williams.edu\/kkwitter\/files\/2014\/01\/distances.pdf\" target=\"new\">Explanation<\/a> of distances in astronomy, and parallax<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.astro.cornell.edu\/academics\/courses\/astro1101\/java\/parallax\/parallax.htm\" target=\"new\">A parallax applet <\/a> (requires java)<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a name=\"Light\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><b><span style=\"color: #000088\">LIGHT, ATOMS &amp; SPECTRA<\/span><\/b><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.physics.nyu.edu\/~ts2\/Animation\/Trans_Long_Periodic_Waves.html\" target=\"new\">Transverse and Longitudinal Waves<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/ircamera.as.arizona.edu\/NatSci102\/NatSci102\/lectures\/light.htm\" target=\"new\"> Rieke page on light<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ajdesigner.com\/phpwien\/wien_equation.php\" target=\"new\"> Wien&#8217;s Law calculator<\/a> to check your own calculations!<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/nomore111\/Images\/ems.jpg\" target=\"new\">Electromagnetic Spectrum<\/a>\u00a0<em>(from Kirkwood Schools)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/nomore111\/Images\/spectrum.png\" target=\"new\">Wavelengths and Colors<\/a>\u00a0<em>(from Wikipedia)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.physicsclassroom.com\/class\/light\/Lesson-1\/Polarization\" target=\"new\">Web page about polarization<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/web.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/nomore111\/Images\/transmit.jpg\" target=\"new\">Atmospheric transmission<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/lectureonline.cl.msu.edu\/~mmp\/kap29\/Bohr\/app.htm\" target=\"new\">The Bohr Atom<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/principles-of-general-chemistry-v1.0m\/section_10\/96ab7ad43a8411f966e5390c6781c1d0.jpg\" target=\"new\">Hydrogen line series<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.astro.virginia.edu\/class\/oconnell\/astr121\/im\/periodic_table.gif\" target=\"new\"> The Periodic Table<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The Rutherford Experiment:<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.phys.virginia.edu\/classes\/109N\/more_stuff\/Applets\/rutherford\/rutherford2.html\" target=\"new\">if positive charge were evenly spread throughout an atom<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.phys.virginia.edu\/classes\/109N\/more_stuff\/Applets\/rutherford\/rutherford.html\" target=\"new\">if the positive charge were concentrated in a tiny nucleus<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.e-education.psu.edu\/astro801\/content\/l3_p6.html\" target=\"new\">Kirchhoff&#8217;s Laws<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/academics.smcvt.edu\/abrizard\/Astronomy\/Stellar_Spectra.jpg\" target=\"new\">Stellar spectral types <\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ifa.hawaii.edu\/~barnes\/ast110_06\/hfts\/1109a.jpg\" target=\"new\">Inverse square law diagram<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/ircamera.as.arizona.edu\/NatSci102\/NatSci102\/lectures\/spectroscopy.htm\" target=\"new\"> Rieke page on Doppler Effect and spectra<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/nomore111\/doppler.au\" target=\"new\">Doppler effect in 30 mph Volvo<\/a>\u00a0<em>(from Exploratorium)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/lectureonline.cl.msu.edu\/~mmp\/applist\/doppler\/d.htm\" target=\"new\">A Doppler applet<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/abyss.uoregon.edu\/~js\/ast123\/lectures\/lec13.html\" target=\"new\">Radar Ranging<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/sound\/radar.html\" target=\"new\">Doppler Radar<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a name=\"Blackbodies\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><b><span style=\"color: #000088\">THERMODYNAMICS &amp; BLACKBODIES<\/span><\/b><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/automationwiki.com\/images\/6\/68\/Temperature_Scale_Conversions.jpg\" target=\"new\">Temperature scales<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ecse.rpi.edu\/~schubert\/Light-Emitting-Diodes-dot-org\/chap18\/F18-02%20Planck%20black%20body.jpg\" target=\"new\">Blackbodies at different temperatures<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/lectureonline.cl.msu.edu\/~mmp\/applist\/blackbody\/black.htm\" target=\"new\">Blackbody applet<\/a> (requires java)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.astronomynotes.com\/solarsys\/s3.htm\" target=\"new\">Equipartition of energy explanation<\/a> &#8211; scroll down to &#8220;Temperature&#8221; heading<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a name=\"Cepheids\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><b><span style=\"color: #000088\">CEPHEID VARIABLE STARS<\/span><\/b><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/spacedictionary.org\/questions\/what-are-cepheid-variables\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Standard Candles<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.aavso.org\/vsots_delcep\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">All about Delta Cephei and Cepheid variables<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.rpi.edu\/dept\/phys\/Courses\/Astro_F96\/lnAstro\/Illustrations\/cepheidExample.gif\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Schematic Cepheid Light Curve<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ifa.hawaii.edu\/~barnes\/ast110_06\/trotn\/1128a.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Period-Luminosity relation<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sites.williams.edu\/kkwitter\/files\/2013\/12\/ceph.gif\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Animation of the Cepheid Period-Luminosity relation<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/web.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/nomore111\/Images\/M100c.mpeg\" target=\"new\"> Movie of a Cepheid in M100<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/astro.wku.edu\/labs\/m100\/thehunt.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hunting for Cepheid Variables in M100<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a name=\"Distance\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><b><span style=\"color: #000088\">DISTANCE SCALES<\/span><\/b><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/tzontonel.files.wordpress.com\/2008\/12\/national-geographic-universe-reference-map1.jpg\" target=\"new\">Scale of the Universe<\/a> zoomable map from National Geographic<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/spiff.rit.edu\/classes\/phys240\/lectures\/distant\/distant.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Michael Richmond&#8217;s page on the extragalactic distance scale<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.daviddarling.info\/images\/distance_ladder.jpg\" target=\"new\">One version of the extragalactic distance ladder<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a name=\"Gravity\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><b><span style=\"color: #000088\">GRAVITY<\/span><\/b><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/Galileo.html\" target=\"new\">Galileo was right!<\/a><\/p>\n<p>A Flash downloadable\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/astro.unl.edu\/naap\/pos\/animations\/kepler.swf\" target=\"new\">Interactive applet for Kepler&#8217;s Laws<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.edu\/more_stuff\/flashlets\/NewtMtn\/home.html\" target=\"new\">Newton&#8217;s Mountain<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"MW\"><\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a name=\"Distance\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><b><span style=\"color: #000088\">THE MILKY WAY GALAXY<\/span><\/b><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/apod.nasa.gov\/apod\/ap110520.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Beautiful view of the Milky Way<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Jim Schombert&#8217;s <a href=\"http:\/\/abyss.uoregon.edu\/~js\/ast123\/\" target=\"new\">Galaxy course page<\/a> (an excellent resource)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/ircamera.as.arizona.edu\/NatSci102\/NatSci102\/lectures\/milkyway.htm\" target=\"new\">Structure of the Milky Way Galaxy<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/apod.nasa.gov\/apod\/ap021201.html\" target=\"new\">The Pleiades: an open cluster<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov\/apod\/ap060312.html\" target=\"new\">M3: a globular cluster<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/abyss.uoregon.edu\/~js\/images\/mw_globs.gif\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shapley&#8217;s globular cluster distribution<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Suugn-p5C1M&amp;eurl=http:\/\/alicesastroinfo.wordpress.com\/2008\/10\/29\/density-waves\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Real life density wave <\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=c5Us-jonCLA&amp;eurl=http:\/\/alicesastroinfo.wordpress.com\/2008\/10\/29\/density-waves\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Animation of density waves in a galaxy<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"GalrotDM\"><\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><b><span style=\"color: #000088\">GALACTIC ROTATION AND DARK MATTER<\/span><\/b><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/abyss.uoregon.edu\/~js\/images\/rot.gif\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Differential rotation<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/abyss.uoregon.edu\/~js\/images\/gal_rotation.gif\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rotation curve for the Galaxy<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/lifeng.lamost.org\/courses\/astrotoday\/CHAISSON\/AT327\/HTML\/AT32705.HTM\" target=\"new\">Chaisson page on dark matter<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/ircamera.as.arizona.edu\/NatSci102\/NatSci102\/lectures\/darkmatter.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rieke page on dark matter<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.storybehindthescience.org\/pdf\/darkmatter.pdf\" target=\"new\">The Story Behind the Science: Dark Matter<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"Hubble\"><\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><b><span style=\"color: #000088\">THE HUBBLE LAW AND THE EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE<\/span><\/b><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov\/diamond_jubilee\/debate20.html\" target=\"new\">The Shapley-Curtis Debate and the Scale of the Universe<\/a> main page<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov\/diamond_jubilee\/1920\/cs_why.html\" target=\"new\">three-paragraph summary<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/cosmictimes.gsfc.nasa.gov\/online_edition\/1929Cosmic\/images\/hubble_diagram.png\" target=\"new\">Hubble&#8217;s original graph from 1929<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/101\/1\/8\/F3.large.jpg\" target=\"new\">Modern Hubble Diagram with Type Ia SN<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.stsci.edu\/ts\/webcasting\/ppt\/AdamRiess030706.ppt\">Adam Riess&#8217;s PowerPoint on Type Ia<\/a> (download)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/spiff.rit.edu\/classes\/phys240\/lectures\/distant\/distant.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Michael Richmond&#8217;s page on the extragalactic distance scale<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i.stack.imgur.com\/lFmgt.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Redshifted spectra<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/astro.wku.edu\/astr106\/Hubble_intro.html\" target=\"new\">Redshifts in Galaxies<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/astro.unl.edu\/classaction\/animations\/cosmology\/galacticredshift.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Galaxy redshift simulator<\/a> (Flash download)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/ircamera.as.arizona.edu\/NatSci102\/NatSci102\/lectures\/galaxies.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Discovery of galaxies and their distances (Rieke)<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sites.williams.edu\/kkwitter\/files\/2014\/02\/expand_raisinbread.gif\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hubble&#8217;s Law<\/a><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/sites.williams.edu\/kkwitter\/files\/2014\/02\/expand_raisinbread.gif\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">&#8220;raisin bread&#8221; animation<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.exploratorium.edu\/origins\/hubble\/tools\/center.html\" target=\"new\">Everyone thinks they&#8217;re at the center<\/a> (Flash required)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=3Pa34orcwwA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Brooklyn is not expanding<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.astronomycafe.net\/qadir\/q2405.html\" target=\"new\">Why you&#8217;re not expanding &#8211; 1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.astronomycafe.net\/qadir\/q1950.html\" target=\"new\">Why you&#8217;re not expanding &#8211; 2<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.astronomycafe.net\/qadir\/q1384.html\" target=\"new\">Why you&#8217;re not expanding &#8211; 3<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sites.williams.edu\/kkwitter\/files\/2013\/12\/homog_isot2.gif\" target=\"new\">Homogeneity vs. Isotropy<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosmological_principle\">The Cosmological Principle<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu\/~pogge\/Ast162\/Unit5\/Images\/hu_animexp.gif\" target=\"new\">Animation of the Cosmological Redshift<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"CMB\"><\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><b><span style=\"color: #000088\">THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND<\/span><\/b><\/h3>\n<p>See links under &#8220;BLACKBODIES&#8221; above to remind yourselves about blackbody (Planck) radiation.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/map.gsfc.nasa.gov\/universe\/bb_tests_cmb.html\" target=\"new\">Discovery of the CMB<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/planck.caltech.edu\/epo\/epo-cmbDiscovery4.html\" target=\"new\">Observing the Microwave Background<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/spiff.rit.edu\/classes\/phys240\/lectures\/cmb\/cmb.html\" target=\"new\">More on the CMB<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.esa.int\/Our_Activities\/Space_Science\/Planck\" target=\"new\">Planck website with latest news<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/map.gsfc.nasa.gov\/resources\/camb_tool\/index.html\" target=\"new\">Build a Universe!<\/a> (Flash required)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/ircamera.as.arizona.edu\/NatSci102\/NatSci102\/lectures\/eranuclei.htm\" target=\"new\">Rieke&#8217;s page on the CMB anisotropies<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.storybehindthescience.org\/pdf\/cmb.pdf\">The Story Behind the Science: The Cosmic Microwave Background<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"GRBH\"><\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><b><span style=\"color: #000088\">GENERAL RELATIVITY and BLACK HOLES<\/span><\/b><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nsf.gov\/news\/special_reports\/blackholes\/formedia.jsp\" target=\"new\"> Imaging the event horizon of M87&#8217;s central black hole<\/a>: Animations and explanatory information from the Event Horizon Telescope<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ligo.caltech.edu\/gallery\" target=\"new\">Caltech LIGO Gallery<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ligo.org\/science\/Publication-GW150914\/index.php\" target=\"new\">Explanation of LIGO BH merger observations<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=FlDtXIBrAYE&amp;feature=youtu.be\" target=\"new\">Detection of gravitational waves from a merging black hole pair!<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/gmmD72cFOU4\" target=\"new\">Animations of all LIGO Mergers detected<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/zgZ1y251BTg\" target=\"new\">Equivalence Principle: Acceleration in space vs. stationary on Earth<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/qdvEcKdTdnU\" target=\"new\">Equivalence Principle: Stationary in space vs. free-fall on Earth<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.astronomynotes.com\/cosmolgy\/curvature.gif\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Curvature of Space-Time<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/faraday.physics.utoronto.ca\/PVB\/Harrison\/GenRel\/Flash\/Precession.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mercury precession animation: Newton vs. Einstein<\/a> (Flash required)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu\/academics\/courses\/astro201\/g_lens_sun.htm\" target=\"new\">Gravitational Bending of Starlight diagram<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/spiff.rit.edu\/classes\/phys230\/lectures\/planets\/Lens_Nav.swf\" target=\"new\">Gravitational Lensing Applet download<\/a> (it&#8217;s fun!) Requires Flash player<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=eJrFcwfCkDU\" target=\"new\">Gravitational Bending of Starlight animation<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu\/~pogge\/Ast162\/Unit5\/gps.html\" target=\"new\">Real-World Relativity: the GPS System<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/universe-review.ca\/I15-61-redshift.jpg\" target=\"new\"> Gravitational redshift<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.williams.edu\/kkwitter\/files\/2018\/12\/gravredshiftanim.gif\" target=\"new\">Gravitational redshift animation<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/7TQG2D0AzXU\" target=\"new\">animation of Binary Pulsar Gravitational Radiation<\/a> <i>John Rowe Animation\/Australia Telescope National Facility, CSIRO<\/i><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.quora.com\/Is-it-because-of-gravity-that-light-cannot-escape-black-hole-or-is-it-because-time-stands-still\" target=\"new\">Comparative Warping of Space<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/cosmology.berkeley.edu\/Education\/BHfaq.html\" target=\"new\">Black Hole FAQ<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/hubblesite.org\/news_release\/news\/2018-28\" target=\"new\">Black Holes in Colliding Galaxies Will Eventually Merge<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.storybehindthescience.org\/pdf\/blackholes.pdf\" target=\"new\">The Story Behind the Science: Black Holes<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.astronomy.gatech.edu\/Courses\/Phys2022\/Lectures\/pdf\/Quasars_Short.pdf\" target=\"new\">Active Galaxies and Quasars<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.uni.edu\/morgans\/astro\/course\/Notes\/section3\/new13.html\" target=\"new\">Another good site for Active Galaxies and Quasars<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"Forces\"><\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><b><span style=\"color: #000088\">FORCES AND PARTICLES<\/span><\/b><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/physics\/articles\/brink\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Four Forces<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.particleadventure.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Particle Adventure<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/astronomy\/Course-Pages\/nomore111\/Images\/forces.pdf\" target=\"new\">Sheet on particles and forces<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cpepphysics.org\/images\/2014-fund-chart.jpg\" target=\"new\">blowup<\/a> of the chart of particles and interactions in the stairwell.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www-d0.fnal.gov\/Run2Physics\/WWW\/results\/final\/TOP\/T06C\/elementary_particles.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Standard Model Particle diagram<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/NucEne\/nucbin.html\" target=\"new\">Nuclear Binding Energy (including graph)<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a name=\"DarkE\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><b><span style=\"color: #000088\">DARK ENERGY AND ACCELERATION OF THE UNIVERSE<\/span><\/b><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.quantamagazine.org\/20140918-finding-dark-energy-in-the-details\/\" target=\"new\">Explanation of Dark Energy and its ramifications<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/hubble.stsci.edu\/hubble_discoveries\/dark_energy\/de-what_is_dark_energy.php\" target=\"new\">Dark Energy at Hubblesite<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41550-017-0066\" target=\"new\">The Dark Energy Survey<\/a>, explained<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/phenomena.nationalgeographic.com\/2014\/08\/28\/type-1a-supernovas-cosmic-candle-mystery\/\" target=\"new\">Type Ia Supernovae<\/a> and why we still don&#8217;t understand everything about them<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/nova\/universe\/\" target=\"new\">The Runaway Universe<\/a> NOVA website<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/supernova.lbl.gov\/~evlinder\/defaq.html\" target=\"new\">FAQ about dark energy<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=55pcpTjd3BY&amp;spfreload=10\" target=\"NEW\">Brian Schmidt explaining the accelerating universe<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a name=\"Stev\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><b><span style=\"color: #000088\">STARS AND STELLAR EVOLUTION<\/span><\/b><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/ircamera.as.arizona.edu\/NatSci102\/NatSci102\/lectures\/starform.htm\" target=\"NEW\"> Rieke Star formation page with animations<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.jinaweb.org\/html\/gallery1.html\" target=\"new\">The proton-proton chain<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sci.esa.int\/science-e-media\/img\/be\/hr_diagram.jpg\" target=\"new\">The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.jinaweb.org\/html\/gallery1.html\" target=\"new\">Helium fusion<\/a> (Flash required)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/nomore111\/Images\/SN\/stellar_nuc_prod.gif\" target=\"new\">Nuclear Production in Stars<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/ircamera.as.arizona.edu\/NatSci102\/NatSci102\/lectures\/starevolution.htm\" target=\"new\">Rieke stellar evolution page<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/casswww.ucsd.edu\/physics\/ph7\/StevI.html\" target=\"new\">Evolution of Low-Mass Stars<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.astronomynotes.com\/evolutn\/s10.htm\" target=\"new\">Electron Degeneracy<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/ircamera.as.arizona.edu\/NatSci102\/NatSci\/lectures\/whitedwrf.htm\" target=\"new\">Chandrasekhar Limit<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/ircamera.as.arizona.edu\/NatSci102\/NatSci102\/images\/sun_whit.gif\" target=\"new\">Sun\/White Dwarf size comparison<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/casswww.ucsd.edu\/physics\/ph7\/StevII.html\" target=\"new\">Evolution of High-Mass Stars<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/astro\/snovcn.html\" target=\"new\">Types of Supernovae<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ualberta.ca\/~pogosyan\/teaching\/ASTRO_122\/lect18\/6592_fig20_13.jpg\" target=\"new\">High-mass core<\/a> &#8212; Type II SN precursor<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-gDm9siHIwrI\/TXgaS3FfA7I\/AAAAAAAAAXs\/5jVPUBZZjBI\/s1600\/BindingEnergy_v_AtomicNumber-mod.png\" target=\"new\">Why an iron core means good-bye<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/nomore111\/Images\/SN\/sn_explosion.gif\" target=\"new\">Type II Supernova explosion cartoon<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov\/Images\/xte\/earthwd.gif\" target=\"new\">White Dwarf\/Neutron Star size comparison<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/homepages.ius.edu\/kforinas\/ClassRefs\/IntroClassNotes\/abundance.jpg\" target=\"new\">Abundances of the elements<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sci-news.com\/astronomy\/origin-universes-heaviest-elements-neutron-star-mergers-05330.html\" target=\"new\"> Merging neutron star &#8220;kilonovas&#8221; create most of the heavy elements, including gold and platinum<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu\/~jaj\/nucleo\/periodic_table_small.png\" target=\"new\"> Periodic Table indicating different creation sites for the elements <\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a name=\"Early\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><b><span style=\"color: #000088\">THE EARLY UNIVERSE; BIG BANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS; THE EFFECTS OF REDSHIFT<\/span><\/b><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sites.williams.edu\/kkwitter\/files\/2017\/04\/Partridge_1.pdf\" target=\"new\">Part I<\/a> of Bruce Partridge&#8217;s Precision Cosmology<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sites.williams.edu\/kkwitter\/files\/2017\/04\/Partridge_2.pdf\" target=\"new\">Part II<\/a> of Bruce Partridge&#8217;s Precision Cosmology<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sites.williams.edu\/kkwitter\/files\/2017\/04\/Partridge_3.pdf\" target=\"new\">Part III<\/a> of Bruce Partridge&#8217;s Precision Cosmology<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu\/~pogge\/Ast162\/Unit5\/whispers.html\" target=\"new\">R. Pogge&#8217;s page on &#8220;Fundamental Tests of the Big Bang&#8221;<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/startswithabang\/2016\/09\/09\/cosmic-neutrinos-detected-confirming-the-big-bangs-last-great-prediction\/#98b1b7530c71\" target=\"new\">A Fourth Pillar: Cosmic Neutrino Background Detected<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu\/~pogge\/Ast162\/Unit5\/early.html\" target=\"new\">R. Pogge&#8217;s page on &#8220;The First Three Minutes&#8221;<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/bigbang.physics.tamu.edu\/Figures\/StolenAnimations\/first3minutes.swf\" target=\"new\"> Flash download of animation of 1st 3 minutes<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.astro.ucla.edu\/~wright\/BBNS.html\" target=\"new\">Big Bang Nucleosynthesis<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.astro.ucla.edu\/~wright\/BBNS.gif\" target=\"new\">Big Bang Nucleosynthesis graph<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/web.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/pdf\/Thermal_Equilibrium.pdf\" target=\"new\">My notes on thermal equilibrium<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/pdf\/Redshift.pdf\" target=\"new\">My notes on the relationship between observed properties and redshift<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/esL_9ChBXOQ\" target=\"new\">Movie showing redshift with expansion<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a name=\"VEarly\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><b><span style=\"color: #000088\">The Very Early Universe<\/span><\/b><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/resources.schoolscience.co.uk\/PPARC\/bang\/bang.htm\" target=\"new\">An Interactive Tour Through the Big Bang<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/CMB_Timeline.jpg\" target=\"new\">Universe Timeline drawing<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/pdf\/Timetable.pdf\" target=\"new\">My notes on the timetable of the universe<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/m_vs_rad_ED.jpg\" target=\"new\">Comparison of matter and radiation densities<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/ircamera.as.arizona.edu\/NatSci102\/NatSci102\/lectures\/eraplanck.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rieke page on Eras in the The Early Universe and Nucleosynthesis<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/forces.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Unification of Forces schematic<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/HBASE\/astro\/unify.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Another force unification schematic<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/force_unif2.jpg\" target=\"new\">Limits on our ability to observe force unification<\/a> (the LHC will move it toward the &#8220;Electroweak theory&#8221; line)<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a name=\"Structure\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><b><span style=\"color: #000088\">BACK TO THE PAST: THE ORIGIN OF STRUCTURE<\/span><\/b><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/abyss.uoregon.edu\/~js\/ast123\/lectures\/lec24.html\" target=\"new\"> Schombert&#8217;s page on structure<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/hubblesite.org\/news_release\/news\/2018-44\" target=\"new\"> HST discovers thousands of globular clusters in Coma galaxy cluster<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/lightbend.mpg\" target=\"new\">Light bending<\/a> (from http:\/\/atropos.as.arizona.edu\/aiz\/teaching\/xiaohui.html)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/LENS0.mpg\" target=\"new\">Gravitational lens simulation<\/a> (from http:\/\/atropos.as.arizona.edu\/aiz\/teaching\/xiaohui.html)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov\/apod\/ap970503.html\" target=\"new\"> Gravitational lensing<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/cmb.physics.wisc.edu\/pub\/tutorial\/cmb.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CMB tutorial<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/07J3q9pWgPw\" target=\"new\">COBE-WMAP movie<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/gravinsta.gif\" target=\"new\">Gravitational instability &#8211; seeds<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/gravinstb.gif\" target=\"new\">top view<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/vCbRhQwqQXI\" target=\"new\">Gravitational perturbations as ripples <\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/background.uchicago.edu\/~whu\/beginners\/introduction.html\" target=\"new\">EXCELLENT intro to the CMB oscillations <\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/sound_horizon.jpg\" target=\"new\">Sound horizon<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/background.uchicago.edu\/~whu\/intermediate\/redshift4.html\" target=\"new\">Thermal history leads to acoustic oscillations <\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/background.uchicago.edu\/~whu\/intermediate\/angular4.html\" target=\"new\">Spatial inhomogeneity becomes angular anisotropy<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/p14_Uo__bhQ\" target=\"new\">Fluctuation size and geometry movie<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/PowerSpectrum.png\" target=\"new\">The CMB power spectrum<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/baryon.gif\" target=\"new\">How baryon density<\/a>, \u03a9<sub>B<\/sub>, affects the power spectrum<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/matter.gif\" target=\"new\">How total matter density<\/a>, \u03a9<sub>0<\/sub>h<sup>2<\/sup>, affects the power spectrum<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/cMEAz0dSQv0\" target=\"new\">WMAP fingerprint matching movie<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/map.gsfc.nasa.gov\/resources\/camb_tool\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Design the universe!<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a name=\"Inflation\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><b><span style=\"color: #000088\">EVEN FURTHER BACK: INFLATION; MULTIVERSE?<\/span><\/b><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/horizon_prob.jpg\" target=\"new\">The <i>horizon problem<\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/omega_stability.gif\" target=\"new\">Omega shouldn&#8217;t be ~1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/graph.tiff\" target=\"new\">Omega then vs. now<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/inflation_radius.jpg\" target=\"new\">Inflation<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.itsokaytobesmart.com\/post\/80278959762\/freshphotons-cosmic-inflation-explained\" target=\"new\">Good cartoon explanation of inflation<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/vacuum_false.jpg\" target=\"new\"> The false vacuum<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/vacuum_true.jpg\" target=\"new\"> The true vacuum<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/horizon_prob_solved.jpg\" target=\"new\">The <i>horizon problem<\/i> solved<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/inflation.jpg\" target=\"new\">The resulting observable universe<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.physicsoftheuniverse.com\/images\/bigbang_inflation.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Inflation increases R(t) exponentially!<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/ant_flat.jpg\" target=\"new\">Inflation flattens geometry<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu\/level5\/Guth\/Guth_contents.html\" target=\"new\">A very readable explanation of inflation by Guth himself<\/a> (from 13 years ago, and anticipating the results from COBE and WMAP, but still relevant)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/space.mit.edu\/home\/tegmark\/crazy.html\" target=\"new\"> Max Tegmark&#8217;s self-professed &#8220;crazy&#8221; website page<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/space.mit.edu\/home\/tegmark\/PDF\/multiverse_sciam.pdf\" target=\"new\"> Tegmark&#8217;s 2003 Scientific American article on multiverses<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Rx7erWZ8TjA\" target=\"new\">Do We Live in a Multiverse?<\/a> A concise, understandable 9-minute video featuring Guth, Tegmark and other prominent theorists.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/startswithabang\/2018\/07\/17\/what-is-and-isnt-scientific-about-the-multiverse\/#2d2f156b25c4\" target=\"new\">What Is and Isn&#8217;t Scientific About the Multiverse<\/a> (July 2018)<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a name=\"Galdist\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><b><span style=\"color: #000088\">DARK  MATTER AND DISTRIBUTION OF GALAXIES<\/span><\/b><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/wwwmpa.mpa-garching.mpg.de\/galform\/millennium\/\" target=\"new\">Page with various Millennium Simulation movies of dark matter evolution<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b><i>Structure Simulations and Observations<\/i><\/b><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/nbody.gif\" target=\"new\">Structure formation animation from initial fluctuations<\/a> (from Martin White&#8217;s page &#8211; the universe&#8217;s expansion has been &#8220;scaled out&#8221; for ease of viewing)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/B134A.gif\" target=\"new\">Gas density evolution animation with cosmological constant<\/a> (from Martin White&#8217;s page &#8211; the universe&#8217;s expansion has been &#8220;scaled out&#8221; for ease of viewing)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/cfa-slice-big.gif\" target=\"new\">Pie slice from CfA survey<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/2dFzcone_main.gif\" target=\"new\">Pie slice from 2DF survey<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/sdss-slice.gif\" target=\"new\">CDM simulation pie slice of SDSS survey<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/pie-diagram-z=0.25.gif\" target=\"new\">Pie slice from real SDSS survey<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/COSMOS_DM_map.jpg\" target=\"new\">HST COSMOS DM survey map<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/DM_NormalM.jpg\" target=\"new\">Dark Matter serves as scaffold for structure<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/BEJ13mksGng\" target=\"new\">Structure evolution movie from WMAP<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a name=\"Reionization\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><b><span style=\"color: #000088\">REIONIZATION<\/span><\/b><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/reion.jpg\" target=\"new\">Reionization<\/a> from http:\/\/rst.gsfc.nasa.gov\/Sect20\/480px-Reion_diagram.jpg<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/reion_expl.jpg\" target=\"new\">Reionization explanation<\/a> from http:\/\/www.astro.caltech.edu\/~george\/reion\/discovicon.jpg<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/Reionisation.mpg\" target=\"new\"> Reionization simulation<\/a> (from http:\/\/www.strw.leidenuniv.nl\/~ritzervj\/Research\/Reionization.html)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/ResultLargeScale.mpg\" target=\"new\">Large-scale ionization structure<\/a> 100 Mpc co-moving cube with 4.2 billion particles<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.astro.ucla.edu\/%7Ewright\/Lyman-alpha-forest.html\" target=\"NEW\">Ned Wright&#8217;s Lyman Alpha Forest explanation<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a name=\"Future\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><b><span style=\"color: #000088\">THE FUTURE; SPECULATION<\/span><\/b><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/p53fig3.jpg\" target=\"new\">SN Ia evidence for acceleration<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/p53fig4.jpg\" target=\"new\">SN Ia R(t)<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/Lambda_poss.tif\" target=\"new\">Future of the universe depends on the source of <i>dark energy<\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/w.html\" target=\"new\">The all-important <i><b>w<\/b><\/i> can induce the &#8220;Big Rip&#8221;<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/nova\/universe\/historysans.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">History of the Universe<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/Levels.tiff\" target=\"new\">Levels of multiverses<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/LevelI.tiff\" target=\"new\">Level I<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/LevelII.tiff\" target=\"new\">Level II<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/LevelII_many_U.tiff\" target=\"new\">Level II multiple universes<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/LevelII_params.tiff\" target=\"new\">Level II parameters<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/LevelIII.tiff\" target=\"new\">Level III<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/LevelIII_date.tiff\" target=\"new\">Example of many worlds<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/Astronomy\/Course-Pages\/330\/images\/LevelIV.tiff\" target=\"new\">Level IV<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/hubblesite.org\/video\/698\/news_release\/2012-20\" target=\"new\">How the M31-Milky Way collision will look to our descendants<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><!-- Counter Code START -->You are visitor number:<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.e-zeeinternet.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.e-zeeinternet.com\/count.php?page=1046174&amp;style=plain_b&amp;nbdigits=5&amp;reloads=1\" alt=\"HTML Hit Counter\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<!-- Counter Code END --><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Back to <a href=\"http:\/\/sites.williams.edu\/kkwitter\/a330-syllabus\/\">A330 Syllabus<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Back to <a href=\"http:\/\/sites.williams.edu\/kkwitter\/astronomy-330-the-nature-of-the-universe\/\">A330 Course Page<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>last updated 4\/29 NOTE: Some of the applets linked here require java to run on your computer. There are well-known security issues with java and many operating systems block java applets, which you may or may not be able to override. 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